<div dir="ltr">Yes, time requires a large number of bits. Current atomic clocks (i.e., frequency standards that run 27x7) are accurate to 10 femtoseconds (~1e-14 s). High precision frequency standards are accurate to ~1e-18 s. In the future, optical and nuclear clocks will be accurate to ~1e-21 s. At this point clocks cannot be synchronized, because GR makes them their own time standards. To the point, it will require >30 digits to represent time accurately. It is possible that optical and nuclear clocks will be available commercially in about a decade. We might want to prepare for this situation.<div><br></div><div> -- Paul</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Wed, Mar 13, 2024 at 5:43 AM Richard J. Mathar via fitsbits <<a href="mailto:fitsbits@listmgr.nrao.edu">fitsbits@listmgr.nrao.edu</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">rs> Date: Tue, 12 Mar 2024 22:00:49 +0000<br>
rs> From: "Seaman, Robert Lewis - (rseaman)" <<a href="mailto:rseaman@arizona.edu" target="_blank">rseaman@arizona.edu</a>><br>
rs> To: "Dubois-Felsmann, Gregory P." <<a href="mailto:gpdf@ipac.caltech.edu" target="_blank">gpdf@ipac.caltech.edu</a>>, "Barrett,<br>
rs> Paul" <<a href="mailto:pebarrett@email.gwu.edu" target="_blank">pebarrett@email.gwu.edu</a>><br>
rs> Cc: "<a href="mailto:fitsbits@listmgr.nrao.edu" target="_blank">fitsbits@listmgr.nrao.edu</a>" <<a href="mailto:fitsbits@listmgr.nrao.edu" target="_blank">fitsbits@listmgr.nrao.edu</a>><br>
rs> Subject: Re: [fitsbits] Output array type when BZERO is an integer<br>
rs> {External}<br>
rs> ...<br>
rs> As a matter of curiosity, do Rubin operations depend on 64-bit unsigned integers? What are example use cases for 64-bit integers (signed or unsigned) in the community?...<br>
rs> <br>
<br>
It's difficult to imagine that any data taken from a real<br>
instrument need 64 bits (20 decimal digits), i.e. more than 32 bits.<br>
ADC's in the MHz range can produce 16bit data (10 decimal digits). <br>
We can measure temperatures to 0.01K or perhaps better.<br>
<br>
The exception are time stamps, if "stamped" by computers<br>
that can resolve milliseconds reliably and set the origin<br>
at some arbitrary J2000-alike or MJD references. (But clock synchronization<br>
is not easy, so in reality only time differences matter to resolve<br>
GRBs etc...) See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2038_problem" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2038_problem</a> .<br>
Atomic clocks and frequency combs are high-resolution data.<br>
<br>
Astronomers are the only group of physics to generate data in FITS <br>
(photographers/artists use the fact at PNG, TIFF etc also can store metadata); <br>
so that time stamp or 64bit representation has probably not surfaced<br>
anywhere.<br>
<br>
Richard Mathar<br>
<br>
_______________________________________________<br>
fitsbits mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:fitsbits@listmgr.nrao.edu" target="_blank">fitsbits@listmgr.nrao.edu</a><br>
<a href="https://listmgr.nrao.edu/mailman/listinfo/fitsbits" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://listmgr.nrao.edu/mailman/listinfo/fitsbits</a><br>
</blockquote></div>